Moisturize your Face with Steam Essay Example for Free

Saturate your Face with Steam Essay Steaming is one of the best techniques for expelling pimples. To apply this technique, bubble water in a compartment for a few minutes. From that point onward, place the compartment containing bubbled water underneath your face. Permit the steam to hose your face for two or three minutes. Subsequently spotless your face with tepid water. Bubbling water helps expel trash and oil from your face without expanding the pimples. On the other hand, you can utilize an oil free moisturizer to saturate your face and evacuate pimples. Apply Toothpaste on your Pimples This is the most well-known remedy for pimples. Obviously, you may brush your teeth before resting each night, however this time, apply toothpaste all over! Preferably, wake up more than once in the night to guarantee that the glue despite everything covers the spot. You can apply the glue again if that isn't the situation; doing so will clear up your face toward the beginning of the day. Be that as it may, use toothpaste just and never apply gel on your pimples. Apply Lavender Oil on the Acne This is a less regular solution for pimple development however it is known for bringing results, particularly on youngsters. Apply lavender oil on your pimples a few times and before resting. This oil assists with evaporating the spots by and large. Use Lemon Juice Another viable strategy for relieving skin inflammation is applying lemon juice. At the point when you rub lemon juice on your pimples, it has a speedy impact. Use it before resting to see incredible outcomes in the first part of the day. 9 different ways to forestall a breakout and get clear skin 1. Do the One-Minute Rule Utilizing a face wash bound with salicylic corrosive (from one to two percent relying upon how awful, and how frequently, you break out) is a surefire approach to prevent pimples from framing. Its straightforward: Instead of spot rewarding after one springs up, youre keeping each and every pore clear as it so happens. Bubbles up toward the beginning of the day and night, and afterward hold up one entire moment before washing so the delicate exfoliator can work its pore-clearing enchantment. 2. Wipe Away Oil In the event that your T-zone commonly takes after an oil spill day in and day out or youve burned some serious calories check off your plan for the day dont hold up until you return home to degrease. At the point when abundance sebum (otherwise known as oil) saturates your pores, pimple-advancing microorganisms will rapidly follow. Utilize a pre-saturated salicylic corrosive drenched purging fabric straightforwardly on oil-inclined zones (for example your brow, nose, jawline) to assist keep with cleaning clean and forestall future breakouts. 3. Dont Forget to Hydrate Because skin break out inclined skin has a lot of oil to go around, doesnt mean its water content, which is vital for solid skin, is satisfactory. Additionally, abuse of oil-battling items can leave skin dry and needing to repay with more oil (eek!). Search for a lightweight, sans oil face cream that gives the perfect measure of hydration, yet wont add to your skin break out issue. What you need: A recipe that contains hydrators that emulate those in skin normally, as ceramides, humectants, and squalene. On the off chance that your skin is overly inclined to skin break out, pick a significantly lighter gel, not cream, surface. 4. Turn up the TLC In some cases regardless of whether your skin is having a decent (otherwise known as sunny morning, you can in any case observe some redness. That is on the grounds that skin break out is basically aggravation, so some disturbance constantly or post-pimple is normal. Relieve delicate skin for the time being with quieting botanicals, for example, chamomile, licorice, or aloe vera extricate. 5. Peel on the Regular On more than one occasion per week, take your skin smoothing up a score and utilize an item that contains salicylic corrosive (or search for willow bark extricate, its all regular partner) alongside delicate organic product catalysts. This incredible pore-consummating combo will help fire up cell turnover and forestall dead skin cells, flotsam and jetsam, and microbes from working up in pores. 6. Begin Using Retinol The best quality level of hostile to maturing additionally has a stunning enemy of pimple track record. Apply a dainty layer of a retinol-based treatment all over skin (if youve never utilized it, you may need to work up to daily; start off with three days per week to perceive how skin holds up to its possibly disturbing impact). This nutrient A subsidiary amps up cell turnover like no other with the goal that pores must choose the option to remain clear. 7. Go Hands Free As in: Stop. Contacting. Your. Face. Stress and hormones gone haywire are normal offenders of a breakout-inclined appearance however are not by any means the only instigators. Heaping on earth throughout the day, as from steady contact with your iPhone or fingers, can make the ideal rearing ground for microscopic organisms. Wipe down your phone once every day with a liquor wipe or spurt some hand sanitizer on a tissue and rub it on a superficial level. What's more, as you chat on your gadget, do whatever it takes not to squeeze it immovably into your skin-it will just drive cosmetics and earth further into pores, causing you more pimple issues. 8. Feed Your Face Diet hugy affects skin and skin wellbeing (counting skin inflammation): Up to 80 percent of your skin is influenced by what you eat and drink. Fill your plate with a sound, even eating regimen to keep skin free. Concentrate on eating a lot of new leafy foods that are plentiful in nutrient A (grapefruit, mango, broccoli, and kale) to help standardize the creation of dead skin cells, a key factor in skin break out breakouts. Furthermore, include eggs, salmon, and pecans, which contain solid oils that keep your composition all around sustained and help forestall pimples. 9. Relax Since the more you worry over a zit the greater it will get. At the point when the pressure hormone cortisol spikes, so oils creation one of the fundamental driver of grown-up skin break out (alongside hyperactive ways of life, liquor, less than stellar eating routine, and an excess of aggregate sun presentation). Rather, spot treat the terrible kid with microbes battling benzoyl peroxide. Common Ingredients to Get Rid Of Acne Scars Fast Skin inflammation doesn't just scar the skin yet in addition the brain and feelings of a person. Strolling not far off with a red swollen face loaded up with discharge is an exceptionally humiliating and agonizing both actually and metaphorically. There are individuals who can’t assist themselves with discussing the other individual who has a scarred face because of boundless skin break out. These reasons make individuals with skin break out locate the fastest method to dispose of skin inflammation scars. They need to begin an ordinary existence without torment. They need to recover their certainty and confidence. There are the normal fixings present in your kitchen. Notwithstanding, in the event that you feel like the sort of skin inflammation scars that you have are disturbing, it is still best to counsel a master about it. Here are a portion of the regular fixings that can be extremely gainful to rapidly dispose of skin break out scars. Egg whites are wealthy in protein. Protein is extremely useful in fixing torn muscles and skin. These egg whites, around three pieces must be beaten into a fleecy and frothy surface. It should then be covered on the face and go about as a face veil. Following a couple of moments, this egg white cover must be flushed with warm water. This strategy should be possible 2-3 times in seven days. Aloe Vera juice can likewise be an incredible normal cure. We can see a ton of healthy skin items that contain Aloe Vera in its fixings. Aloe Vera is an invulnerable framework promoter. It additionally recovers harmed skin tissues. Another regular fixing that is usually found in healthy skin items is lemon juice. Lemon contains AHA. AHA can thicken the skin and empowers it to deliver collagen. As this happens, recuperating of the scarred skin is additionally accelerated. Lemon juice has acidic components. This corrosive aides in drying the skin inflammation rapidly before it deteriorates. A spot of heating soft drink blended in with water can likewise evacuate the dead skin without harming the skin. This blend must be rubbed delicately on the skin. It can remain on the skin for a couple of moments, at that point, it must be flushed. Ginger is a characteristic antibacterial. A cut of it very well may be spread on the contaminated region. Following a couple of moments, the face should be washed. This could be more excruciating than different fixings previously mentioned as a result of ginger is somewhat fiery. These are only a portion of the numerous common fixings that can push you to rapidly dispose of skin break out scars as they dry, strip and mend the scars. These techniques won't be of incredible assistance on the off chance that they will be done on a grimy face. In the wake of a difficult day of being presented to contamination, our pores are obstructed with earth. The face must be spotless before any fixing is set on it or it will result to additionally harms and contamination on the skin. In this way, for individuals who don’t realize how to dispose of skin break out scars quick, these are some valuable tips. Additionally, keeping the body hydrated is significant. Drinking the perfect measure of water is valuable in depleting poisons that are available in the body on account of the food that we eat.

Smaller Representation, Yet Strong Family & Kinship Ties Essay

Littler Representation, Yet Strong Family and Kinship Ties - Essay Example This is conceivable by virtue of a more distant family that encourages each other by aiding family unit errands, kid raising, transportation and down to earth counsel. We presently attempt to stretch out the central contention to an alternate stream of society: Asian Americans, Pacific Highlanders, Native Americans and foreigners. On account of Asian Americans, we would anticipate that the example should be comparative for all the factors in the review, for example, â€Å"Live with kin†, â€Å"Live close kin†, â€Å"Financial Support† and â€Å"Emotional Support†. On account of Financial and Emotional Support, we would anticipate that Asian Americans should be at standard with white Americans. To help our case, we take a gander at past research that features an occasion of the intently sew Punjabi (a region in India) people group where the kids complied with seniors desires as far as marriage, youngster raising and backing to family (Foner, 1997). She proc eeds to clarify the accentuation on training in India. Accordingly we can expect that other Asian nations, for example, China and Indonesia would be enthused about focusing on a more elevated level of instructive capabilities. Expanding the contention, we can say that more elevated levels of scholastic capabilities would thus prompt a superior way of life. In this manner, in spite of being minorities, we would anticipate that Asian Americans should win generously higher salaries than their Black or Latino/a partners. Foner (1997) likewise follows examples of family ties among Asian Americans and states that they will in general underscore significant levels of conformance, collaboration and acknowledgment to family standards and customs. This encourages us construe that Asian Americans are additionally liable to

Cost Acccounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Acccounting - Case Study Example The subsequent sum is then deducted by the work in process starting to think of cost of merchandise made. The expense of products fabricated is then added to the completed merchandise starting to think of products ready to move. The products ready to move is deducted by the sum equivalent to completed merchandise finishing stock to show up at COST OF GOODS SOLD. The expense of creation report is a significant device for dynamic. The cost bookkeeping framework shows us the genuine image of the Elan organization. In light of Table 1 in the Appendix, for the year finished December 31, 1999, When the expense of products sold measure of $137,935 is isolated by the all out income for that time of $676,734, the expense of merchandise proportion of 20.38 percent. At the point when the expense of merchandise sold for the year finished December 31, 1997 adding up to $106,182 is separated by the all out income sum for that time of $384,181, cost of products proportion is 27.64 percent. To be progressively preservationist, we can separate the expense of merchandise sold for the year 1998 of $137,935 by just the item offer of $342,078, the expense of gold proportion increment to 40.32 percent. With respect to the year 1997, when we partition the expense of merchandise sold measure of $ 106,182 by the all out item deals of $215,486 then the expense of products sold for the year will increment to 49.28%. The table shows th at the item selling cost is higher than cost of merchandise sold. The... The immediate materials are the fixings that utilized in making the medications and different items. The subsequent creation cost is the immediate work. The immediate work is the aggregate sum paid for assembly line laborers who are straightforwardly making those items. The third sort of creation cost is the Factory overhead. All manufacturing plant cost that can't be recognized as immediate materials and direct work are lumped under the record title production line overhead expenses. Instances of plant overhead are aberrant materials, backhanded work or janitor, power cost and phone costs. The creation cost is a genuine sum and not evaluated. Manufacturing plant overhead expenses can be separated into two sorts. The primary kind is fixed expense. This implies the sum will by and large be the equivalent for the present bookkeeping time frame irregardless of the expansion or lessening in the quantity of items that are being handled. A case of fixed expense is plant manager pay and the plant lease cost. The second sort of creation cost is the variable expense. The variable expense is named so in light of the fact that the expense or cost sum will increment if creation of merchandise will increment and the measure of such expense or cost diminishes when the creation of products will diminish. Instances of variable creation cost are immediate materials and direct work. The creation cost is a real sum and not evaluated. (B)Assess the degree to which the framework gives helpful data to pricing,decision making, arranging, control and execution measurement.(80 marks)The cost bookkeeping framework introduced in segment (An) above EXTENSIVELY will give all the base necessities that the estimating and chiefs in the Elan organization will requirement for their dynamic capacities. The

Inter-organizational network - Free Essay Example

Competncias Crticas ao Desenvolvimento de Mapas Cognitivos de Redes Interorganizacionais Resumo: A pesquisa objetiva identificar alguns dos conhecimentos e habilidades requeridas para compreenso e abstrao de redes interorganizacionais por intermdio de diagramas de rede. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um exerccio prtico junto a 102 alunos da rea de Administrao. No exerccio, solicita-se o desenvolvimento de um diagrama de rede a partir da transcrio de falas de atores centrais de uma rede do cultivo de uva. Na fase de pr-anlise das respostas os pesquisadores identificaram aspectos crticos para abstrao de redes interorganizacionais, reflexo que auxiliou a definir os cdigos requeridos para explorao do material por meio de anlise de contedo: (a) abstrao de organizaes com mesma funo na rede; (b) abstrao de macroprocessos que compem a rede e (c) abstrao do ator central da rede. Alm de apurar grande dificuldade dos alunos para compreenso e abstrao de redes interorganizacionais, a pesquisa auxiliou na identificao de algumas competncias crticas para tal, como: (a) conhecimentos e habilidades referentes a entidades e seus relacionamentos, como os alcanados pela prtica das tcnicas de construo de modelo entidade-relacionamento; (b) conhecimentos e habilidades de processos de negcio, em especial de atividades de decomposio e sntese de processos. Palavras-chaves: Rede interorganizacional; Diagrama de rede; Mapa cognitivo. Abstract: The aim of research is identify some knowledge and abilities required for understanding and abstraction of inter-organizational network by network diagrams. For this, to grow a practical exercise in 102 students of Administration area. In the exercise, was requested the development of a network diagram from discourse transcription of central actors central of the grape culture network. In the pre-analysis phase of answers the researchers identified critical aspects for abstraction of inter-organizational network; this reflection helps to define the required codes for material exploration of content analysis: (a) abstraction of organizations with same function in the network; (b) abstraction of macro processes that compose the network and (c) abstraction of the central actor of network. Beyond observe the great difficulty of the students for abstraction and understanding inter-organizational network, the research help in the identification of some critical competencies for it, as: (a) knowledge and abilities about the entities and its relationships, like reached by techniques practices of construction model entity-relationship; (b) knowledge and abilities of business processes, in special of activities processes decomposition and synthesis. Key-words: Inter-organizational network; Network diagram; Cognitive map. 1 Introduo O conceito de rede interorganizacional implica na organizao de pessoas e empresas em torno de interesses e objetivos comuns. Caracteriza-se pela postura dinmica, com pouca hierarquia e muita conectividade entre seus atores. S existe quando em movimento, sem a participao das partes deixam de existir. As redes sociais tm um sentido mais amplo, pois tratam de indivduos e organizaes, seus valores, seus interesses e objetivos. As redes interorganizacionais so um tipo de redes sociais, que assumem um carter scio-tcnico e operacional. Gesto da cadeia de fornecedores (supply chain management), gesto de cadeia colaborativa (collaborative network), arranjos produtivos locais (clusters) so exemplos de temas de interesse de pesquisa na cincia da administrao pertinentes a estudos interorganizacionais. Essas pesquisas concentram-se em relaes estabelecidas entre empresas que podem se configurar em uma rede. Tal conjunto de empresas pode ser representado e analisado por intermdio de diagrama de rede que representa organizaes como atores, ou ns de rede. Os relacionamentos interligam os diversos atores. Os temas de pesquisa pertinentes a redes so de interesse tanto da academia quanto das prprias organizaes. Taylor (2005) afirma que o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos passou da funo de suporte para habilidade essencial das organizaes, envolvendo a empresa como um todo. As cadeias de suprimentos so a ltima mina inexplorada. Hoje, o gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos muito mais importante do que a manufatura como habilidade essencial, tanto que possvel, como exemplificaram a Nike e a Cisco Systems dominar o mercado de determinado produto sem ter muito mais do que uma fbrica em operao. (abid, p.8). A expresso redes de negcios extremamente abrangente e pode, por exemplo, ser abordada a partir de dois paradigmas: contedo social, que afirma que a rede social um padro de convivncia, constituindo-se as redes de negcios em subsistemas da rede social, e contedo estratgico, a partir de um planejamento das empresas (EBERS e JARILLO, 1997; OLIVER e EBERS, 1998; CASTELLS, 2000). Desta forma, as empresas buscariam nas redes obter uma posio mais competitiva. Miles e Snow (1992) afirmam que o nascimento organizado das redes passou a ocorrer a partir de 1980, em um quadro de muitas mudanas e predomnio de incertezas. Entre os motivos dessa situao havia o rpido desenvolvimento tecnolgico e as mudanas de valores e comportamentos dos consumidores. Surgiram os movimentos de parcerias entre compradores e vendedores e as redes de organizaes, para estabelecer relacionamentos de longo prazo e para o surgimento de interdependncia e de confiana, caracterizando uma abordagem mais voltada aos aspectos d e relaes sociais. A essncia bsica de uma rede o fenmeno da co-opetio. Esta palavra, que simultaneamente expressa cooperao e competio entre empresas, tem-se tornado crescentemente popular nos anos recentes, como atestam os trabalhos de Harbison e Pekar Jr. (1998), Coy (2006), Gnyawali e Park (2009). Coy (2006, p.96) chega a exprimir que dormir com o inimigo ou aprender a trabalhar com rivais muito importante para o sucesso da empresa. Por outro lado Quintana-Garca e Benavides-Velasco (2004) mostram que a co-opetio ajuda a incrementar a diversidade tecnolgica e a combinar de forma complementar recursos de empresas rivais com vistas a desenvolver novas tecnologias e produtos. Estes aspectos positivos em relao s redes interorganizacionais ressaltam a importncia de se mapear e conhecer seus atores. Os elementos fundamentais de uma rede interorganizacional so os atores e as relaes que se estabelecem entre eles. Uma relao entre dois autores tem fora e contedo. O contedo inclui informao, conselho ou amizade, interesses compartilhados ou pertencimentos e, tipicamente, algum nvel de confiana (GRANOVETTER et al., 1998, p. 219). Os atores da rede ao mesmo tempo em que limitam a rede so pontos a partir dos quais a rede se difunde. Castells (2005) afirma que, como estruturas abertas, as redes so capazes de expandirem-se de forma ilimitada, integrando novos ns, desde que compartilhem o mesmo cdigo de comunicao. Nohria e Eccles (1992) afirmam que existem trs razes para o aumento do interesse no tema redes interorganizacionais: a) a emergncia da nova competio; b) o surgimento das tecnologias de informao e comunicao (TICs) que possibilitam uma maior capacidade de interrelaes entre firmas dispersas; e c) a consolidao da anlise de redes como uma disciplina acadmica, no somente restrita a alguns grupos de socilogos, mas expandindo para uma ampla interdisciplinaridade dos estudos organizacionais. Um aspecto fundamental a capacidade da pessoa em compreender e abstrair as entidades constituintes da rede e as relaes entre estas. Desta demanda, derivou-se a pergunta da presente pesquisa: quais as principais dificuldades encontradas por estudantes de administrao em termos de compreenso e explicitao de rede interorganizacional por intermdio de diagramas de rede? O objetivo da presente pesquisa desenvolver uma reflexo acerca de aspectos crticos para compreenso e representao de redes interorganizacionais, a fim de identificar conhecimentos e habilidades requeridas aos alunos da administrao. A representao de redes interorganizacionais estrutura-se em torno de algumas variveis estruturais do campo organizacional, tais como: a centralidade da rede, que pressupe que os atores do centro da rede so estruturalmente dominantes. A centralidade est associada ao grau em que um ator est envolvido em todas as relaes no sistema (GALASKIEWICZ, 1979; KNOKE e BURT, 1983) e fundamental que seja compreendida e determinada. Outra varivel importante a posio dos atores na rede (associada hierarquia da rede), varivel esta que para Knoke (1994) e Marsden e Friedkin (1994) expressam subgrupos de coeso. Desta forma, e de acordo com Porter (2005) e Nilsson e Rapp (2004), o conhecimento da cadeia produtiva importante para que uma empresa possa, efetivamente, criar valor para os clientes atravs da reduo de custos e melhoria de desempenho dos produtos. Para alcanar tal objetivo, desenvolveu-se um exerccio que foi aplicado junto a 102 alunos da rea de Administrao. No exerccio, solicita-se o desenvolvimento de um diagrama de rede a partir da transcrio de falas de atores centrais de uma rede fictcia do cultivo de uva. 2 Metodologia 2.1 Roteiro e Procedimentos da Pesquisa A presente pesquisa est centrada na percepo de um problema, orientada para prtica do mundo real, de um tema pertinente aos interesses de acadmicos e praticantes. Os pesquisadores solicitaram a alunos de administrao que respondessem a um teste desenvolvimento de um diagrama de rede -, ou seja, estabeleceu-se um dilogo entre professor e aluno, cuja resposta esperada um diagrama, composto por cones e textos. O roteiro da pesquisa foi estruturado a partir da sugesto de Bardin (2009) de atividades necessrias para aplicao da tcnica de anlise de contedo, descrito na Figura 1. Os procedimentos realizados na pesquisa esto descritos a seguir: a) Discusso em grupo entre quatro docentes-pesquisadores da rea de gesto de redes para definio dos aspectos da diagramao de redes interorganizacionais, normalmente negligenciados ou de difcil compreenso pelos alunos de administrao; b) Desenvolvimento de uma questo a ser aplicada aos alunos de administrao que solicita o desenvolvimento de um diagrama de rede a partir de informaes provenientes de atores centrais de uma rede fictcia de cultivo da uva, ou seja, dos agricultores de uva. Informao transmitida na forma de transcries das falas desses agricultores, conforme descrito no Quadro 1. Ao desenvolver as falas transcritas da questo, procuro-se abranger os aspectos da diagramao de rede, identificados no item anterior como de difcil compreenso pelos alunos da administrao; c) Resoluo do exerccio proposto com gerao de um gabarito para correo das respostas dos alunos, Figura 3; d) Desenvolvimento de texto explicativo contendo os conceitos, fundamentos e exemplos do diagrama de rede, alm de trs exemplos de diagramas de redes colaborativas: um bastante amplo, abrangendo toda a cadeia da indstria txtil, descrito na Figura 2, e outros dois de clusters regionais, um do vinho da Califrnia e outro da moda em couro da Itlia (PORTER, 1998). Contedo a ser apresentado aos alunos antes da questo; Quadro 1 Exerccio proposto aos alunos 1 Elabore a representao grfica da cadeia de valor para atividade agrcola do cultivo da uva, tendo como parmetro as transcries de entrevistas realizadas com agricultores locais. Temos um timo relacionamento com as empresas Cabral, Telles, Mudinha e outras tantas, que produzem localmente mudas certificadas de videira que se adaptam muito bem s condies de nosso clima e solo. A instalao do Instituto de Pesquisa Agrcola do Estado em nossa cidade fortaleceu muito a competncia do nosso Centro de Desenvolvimento de Videiras. Acredito que essa seja a justificativa da expanso de nossas empresas produtoras de mudas que atendem inclusive outros estados. Temos uma cooperativa de trabalhadores rurais especializada nas atividades poda e cultivo de parreiras. Tanto prestamos servios a no cooperados, perante contrato de prestao de servios como atendemos os cooperados, que tem direito a uma quantidade de horas de trabalhos previstas ao longo do semestre. A cultura da lida com a uva foi assegurada com a implantao na dcada de 80 da Escola Tcnica Rural, ela colabora muito com a formao de pessoal para trabalhar nos Vinhedos, considerando que nem todos os netos querem permanecer no campo e a mo de obra no mais familiar como antes. A indstria de polpa de frutas trabalha muito prxima conosco, assegura a compra de boa parte de nossa produo. Para no haver dependncia to forte deles, asseguramos a venda de parte de nossa produo para varejistas da regio e de outros estados. Para sermos mais competitivos em qualidade, decidirmos privilegiar duas empresas transportadoras locais, tendo como contrapartida a compra de modernos veculos de transporte climatizados para nossas frutas. Conseguimos contratos com novos varejistas, principalmente alguns mais distantes fisicamente, em funo dessa parceria. As vincolas no so mais to atrativas e fortes na regio como antes, mas continuam a ser um ponto de escoamento importante para boa parte da nossa produo, pois muitos plantam uvas do tipo Merlot. Somos o primeiro plo de produo de uva a oferecer uva de mesa com embalagens segundo a nova norma europia, graas aos esforos dos nossos parceiros que desenvolveram embalagens 100% reciclveis. e) Identificao de quatro instituies de ensino superior com cursos lato sensu, MBA em gesto empresarial, que fosse vivel a aplicao do questionrio. Amostra de convenincia, pela seleo de instituies de conhecimento dos pesquisadores, todas da cidade de So Paulo (SP); f) Para cada uma das quatro instituies procedeu-se com a apresentao do texto explicativo sobre redes interorganizacionais, seguido da aplicao do questionrio junto aos discentes; g) Pr-anlise por intermdio de uma leitura rpida das respostas ou como denomina Bardin (2009): leitura flutuante das respostas; h) Definio dos cdigos para desenvolvimento da analise de contedo. Segundo Bardin (2009), um dos papis centrais do pesquisador est no trabalho de poda, aquele de delimitar as unidades de codificao ou registro. Na presente pesquisa definiram-se os seguintes cdigos para anlise: (C1) Abstrao de organizaes com mesma funo na rede em torno de representao nica, ou seja, presena de uma entidade no diagrama de rede; (C2) Abstrao de macroprocessos que compem a rede, caracterizados por delimitao grfica da(s) entidade(s) que o constituem alm de um ttulo; (C3) Abstrao do ator central da rede com a entidade que representa o(s) ator(es) que realiza(m) a atividade econmica central disposta no centro do diagrama da rede, com as demais entidades dispostas ao seu redor. i) Anlise e avaliao das respostas dos discentes pela tcnica de anlise de contedo; j) Tabulao e preparo dos resultados apurados pela anlise de contedo para aplicao de anlise estatstica; k) Anlise estatstica dos resultados apurados pela anlise de contedo; l) Sntese e seleo dos resultados que permitem melhor compreenso das dificuldades dos alunos na elaborao de diagramas de rede; m) Inferncias e interpretaes sobre conhecimentos e habilidades necessrias para suprir tais dificuldades dos discentes. 2.2 Anlise dos dados A anlise dos dados foi feita por meio de duas abordagens qualitativas: anlise de contedo e estatsticas no-paramtricas. A estatstica no-paramtrica no requer que a populao seja normal. As amostras podem ser relativamente pequenas. No exigem nvel intervalar; as medidas podem ser do tipo simples. Cabe observar que os testes paramtricos so mais precisos. Suas tcnicas so vlidas na hiptese de que a populao normal. Neste caso as amostras so de tamanho relativamente grande. Os mtodos No-Paramtricos podem ser aplicados a uma ampla diversidade de situaes, porque no exigem populaes distribudas normalmente. Ao contrrio dos mtodos Paramtricos, os mtodos No-Paramtricos podem, freqentemente, ser aplicados a dados no-numricos. Os mtodos No-Paramtricos, em geral, envolvem clculos mais simples do que seus correspondentes Paramtricos, sendo assim, mais fceis de entender. Os mtodos No-Paramtricos tendem a perder informao, porque os dados numricos so, freqentemente, reduzidos a uma forma qualitativa. Os testes No-Paramtricos no so to eficientes quanto os testes Paramtricos. Assim, com um teste No-Paramtrico, em geral necessitamos de uma amostra maior ou maiores diferenas para ento rejeitarmos uma hiptese nula (SIEGEL e CASTELLAN JR ,1988, p.8). As vantagens das tcnicas no-paramtricas apontadas por Baquero (1970, p.216) so: (1) a normalidade da populao e dos seus respectivos parmetros prescindida; (2) so aplicadas s amostras obtidas de populao diferente; (3) as medidas podem ser do tipo simples de escala nominal; (4) as amostras podem ser realmente pequenas; e (5) os clculos matemticos so simples. No que se refere s tcnicas no-paramtricas foi utilizado o teste c2 (Qui-quadrado). Foi feito um teste de aderncia para medir o ajustamento ou concordncia dos escores observados aos valores tericos esperados ou deduzidos do ponto de vista matemtico. 3 Referenciais tericos utilizados nas anlises A anlise de dificuldades conceituais encontradas pelos alunos dos cursos de administrao no desenvolvimento de diagramas de rede ser pautada em trs referenciais tericos: teoria geral dos sistemas (TGS), entidades e relacionamentos, e processo de negcio. A TGS o principal constructo terico, fundamental para o entendimento dos outros dois. A seguir esses trs conceitos so descritos. 3.1 Teoria Geral dos Sistemas (TGS) Historicamente, o esforo das organizaes na procura das melhores prticas de negcios teve sua origem em 1911 quando Frederick Winslow Taylor publicou sua obra, Principles of Scientific Management, quase ao mesmo tempo em que Henry Ford revolucionava os processos de manufatura, inaugurando a sua linha de produo contnua. Taylor argumentava que a simplificao, os estudos de tempos e a experimentao sistemtica eram as ferramentas indicadas para se encontrar o melhor caminho para executar uma tarefa, monitor-la e avaliar os seus resultados (HARMON, 2003). A TGS surgiu como uma crtica abordagem cientfica e reducionista predominante no incio do sculo XX, que reduzia as entidades. Por exemplo, um animal, para o estudo individual de suas propriedades e de suas partes ou elementos (rgos ou clulas). A TGS direciona a anlise do pesquisador para o todo, ou seja, para as relaes entre as partes que se interconectam e interagem orgnica e sistemicamente. A TGS aplicada cincia da administrao resultou em uma nova abordagem administrativa: a abordagem sistmica para gesto das organizaes. As abordagens administrativas anteriores no consideravam o lado externo da organizao, trabalhavam com a especializao de assuntos internos da organizao de formas estanques, simplificavam as organizaes e, conseqentemente, a gesto como um todo. Acabavam no auxiliando o gestor das organizaes a entender e administrar toda complexidade envolta nas organizaes. A partir da aplicao dos conceitos da TGS na gesto das organizaes, passou-se a considerar a complexidade crescente das organizaes. A viso limitada e simplificada da escola cientfica da administrao j era questionada no ocidente desde 1918. A pesquisadora Mary Parker Follet insistia em que os administradores deveriam considerar a empresa como um todo (modelo holstico), no apenas seus indivduos e grupos, mas, inclusive, os fatores ambientais como poltica, economia e biologia (FOLLETT, 1997). Ludwig Von Bertalanffy reconhecidamente o primeiro autor a defender a viso organicsta na biologia e o papel da simbologia na interpretao da experincia humana. aceito como um dos fundadores da Teoria Geral dos Sistemas e a conotao de geral significa que seus conceitos e suas principais aplicaes se observam na cincia em geral e em toda a escala de disciplinas, da Fsica Biologia, da Sociologia Filosofia, da Economia Administrao. Para ele se um objeto um sistema deve ter certas caractersticas gerais dos sistemas, qualquer que seja o sistema. (BERTALANFFY, 1975, p.121). Bertalanffy, j na dcada de 20, advogava uma concepo organsmica na biologia que acentuasse a considerao do organismo como totalidade ou sistema e visse o principal objetivo das cincias biolgicas na descoberta dos princpios de organizao em seus vrios nveis. Apontou a analogia organsmica da biologia para com as instituies, chamando em sua defesa outros autores. Bertalanffy (1975) introduziu o tema teoria geral de sistemas para descrever as caractersticas principais de organizaes como sistemas com as seguintes importantes propriedades: 1) organizaes (tal como organismos) so compostos por sistemas; 2) todos os sistemas tendem a encontrar o equilbrio; 3) e todas as organizaes so sistemas abertos pelo fato de afetarem e serem afetados pelo meio ambiente. Bertalanffy caracterizou a Teoria Geral dos Sistemas como [] uma cincia geral da totalidade [] uma disciplina lgico-matemtica, em si puramente formal, mas aplicvel s vrias cincias empricas. (BERTALANFFY 1975, p.61). A possibilidade de descries abstratas, no dependentes da natureza especfica de um sistema, foi apontada como a razo para a escolha dos sistemas de equaes diferenciais para o estudo dos sistemas em geral (BERTALANFFY, 1975; RAPOPORT, 1976). Maruyama (1963) concebe sistemas como redes de mltiplas interaes circulares, tanto de ampliao de desvios como de neutralizao de desvios. Entretanto, o autor chama ateno para a existncia de relaes de influncia entre dois ou mais elementos, em ambas as direes, que no implicam necessariamente causalidade mtua. Cita o exemplo de uma empresa A que produz matria-prima e, outra B, que produz equipamentos usando a matria-prima de A (A compra equipamentos de B). Supondo que uma terceira empresa C demande tanto uma grande quantidade de matria-prima de A como de equipamentos de B, simultaneamente crescero as vendas de A e de B. Entretanto, nesse caso, o aumento da atividade no causado por relaes de causalidade mtua, mas sim por um terceiro fator, a indstria C. Assim, se duas empresas mantm relaes entre si e se ambas as empresas mantm relaes com outras empresas, necessrio distinguir as relaes de causalidade mtua entre A e B das demais interaes que podem provocar resultados semelhantes. Outra i mportante contribuio de Maruyama (1963) foi o diagrama de sinal de enlace causal, ou simplesmente diagrama de enlace causal, concebido para descrever as interaes de sistemas complexos. Para Morin (1992) o contedo do termo organizao, na perspectiva sistmica, substancialmente distinto da perspectiva clssica. Nas cincias clssicas a organizao um conceito esttico, de ordem e regras invariveis, associado noo de estrutura da viso mecanicista. Na perspectiva sistmica uma noo com caractersticas dinmicas, que se refere a processos que se auto-mantm em sistemas naturais ou que so mantidos em sistemas construdos pelo homem. A organizao como noo sistmica central, segundo Morin (1992), engloba as seguintes caractersticas: * a organizao em sistemas fsicos e em todos os biolgicos ativos envolve suprimento, estoque, distribuio e controle de energia, bem como, consumo e dissipao de energia em seu trabalho (op. cit., p. 127); * como conseqncia da caracterstica anterior, a organizao produz entropia degradao do sistema e da prpria organizao e negentropia a regenerao do sistema, incluindo a reorganizao permanente das relaes que especificam a prpria organizao do mesmo; * a organizao envolve interaes que especificam a abertura do sistema (trocas com o seu ambiente) ao mesmo tempo em que mantm o fechamento organizacional (manuteno de um padro de interaes fechadas, responsveis pela autonomia e integridade do sistema); * organizao significa a criao de ordem onde impera o determinismo sistmico. Entretanto, esta ordem pode ser flexvel, contemplando zonas de incerteza, disputa e liberdade. A desordem um ingrediente inevitvel, gerado complementarmente prpria atividade organizacional; * em funo da caracterstica anterior a presena simultnea da ordem e desordem -, a organizao envolve incertezas e antagonismos; * o ser e a existncia so caractersticas relacionadas organizao sistmica, quando essa assume a forma auto-organizadora. A auto-organizao gera ser e existncia (op. cit., p. 128). Os tericos organizacionais Katz Kahn (1978) estiveram entre os pioneiros na aplicao dos conceitos sistmicos a organizaes sociais. A partir do conceito de sistema aberto destacaram o lugar central dos processos de importao, transformao e exportao de energia (produtos) como fonte bsica da auto-perpetuao das organizaes. Katz Kahn (1978) procuraram, inicialmente, identificar o que uma organizao de um ponto vista geral. A idia bsica dos autores de que organizaes possuem objetivos relacionados s funes que desempenham no ambiente. Criticam, entretanto, as posies tradicionais, por conceberem as funes das organizaes sociais a partir dos propsitos dos seus lderes ou grupos predominantes. Katz Kahn (1978) estavam especialmente interessados em organizaes de grande escala, que dependessem explicitamente das suas entradas e sadas para se renovar os seus padres cclicos internos. A concepo geral dos autores est transcrita a seguir: Todos os sistemas sociais, incluindo organizaes, consistem de atividades padronizadas de um nmero de indivduos. Alm disso, essas atividades padronizadas so complementares ou interdependentes com respeito a uma sada comum ou resultado; so repetitivas, relativamente duradouras e limitadas no espao e no tempo. Se o padro de atividades ocorre somente uma vez ou em intervalos no previsveis, no podemos falar de uma organizao. A estabilidade ou recorrncia de atividades pode ser examinada em relao entrada energtica no sistema, a transformao das energias dentro do sistema, e o produto resultante ou sada energtica. (KATZ KAHN 1969, p.89) Do ponto de vista das concepes sistmicas gerais, a formulao mais importante agregada por Katz Kahn (1978) foi a identificao dos padres de estruturas sociais com as cadeias energtica de eventos entrada de energia, sua transformao, at o fechamento do ciclo que realimenta o processo. As organizaes eram concebidas, desta forma, como um sistema complexo constituindo uma rede de entidades relacionadas. Estas propriedades possibilitaram a utilizao do Modelo Entidade-Relacionamento para a sua representao. 3.2 Entidades e Relacionamentos O Modelo Conceitual de Entidades e Relacionamentos foi introduzido por Chen (1990). A larga utilizao desse modelo se deve basicamente pelo fato de conseguir expressar situaes do mundo real com simplicidade, facilidade e riqueza semntica atravs de smbolos com uma conceituao rigorosa. De acordo com Chen (1990), a viso de uma dada realidade baseia-se no relacionamento entre entidades, os quais retratam os fatos que governam esta mesma realidade, e que cada um (entidade ou relacionamento) pode possuir atributos (qualificadores desta realidade). O conceito de abstrao permite ao analista separar da realidade em estudo, as partes que so realmente relevantes para o desenvolvimento do sistema de informaes e excluir da modelagem todos os aspectos que no exercem influncia sobre o ambiente a ser modelado. Segundo Chen (1990), entidade uma coisa que pode ser distintamente identificada por suas caractersticas descritas pelos atributos. A entidade Viveiro de Mudas de Videira, por exemplo, caracterizada por uma srie de atributos que qualquer organizao dessa natureza deve possuir: nome da organizao, endereo, tipo de uva desenvolvida, nome do agrnomo responsvel, entre outros dados. No modelo entidade-relacionamento (E-R) cada organizao com esse perfil considerada uma instncia. Assim, na questo h trs organizaes que desenvolvem mudas, ou seja, trs instncias da entidade Viveiro de Mudas de Videira. Independente da quantidade de organizaes (instncias da entidade) dessa natureza, dentro de uma rede, a estrutura de dados se aplica igualmente, tanto para 3 organizaes quanto para 300 ou 3000. No diagrama E-R desenvolvido por Chen (1990) uma entidade representada por um retngulo, assim como no diagrama de rede interorganizacional. O Modelo E-R prope que a realidade seja visualizada sob trs pontos de vista: (a) os objetos que compem a realidade; (b) os tipos de informao ou caractersticas que se deseja conhecer sobre os objetos que compem a realidade e (c) a forma como estes objetos interagem entre si. Desta forma, o Modelo E-R composto por trs conceitos CHEN (1990): * Entidade objeto ou evento do mundo real, distintamente identificado e tratado como uma categoria definida, acerca da qual armazenamos dados. A sua representao um retngulo; * Atributo caracterstica inerente a uma entidade. Os atributos representam as informaes, que caracterizam exclusivamente a entidade, e que desejamos registrar; * Relacionamento associao, com um significado, entre duas ou mais entidades. 3.3 Processos de Negcio O termo processo de negcio, embora abstrato, pode ser exemplificado de diversas formas. Uma definio bastante simplista e prtica de entend-lo por meio de analogia com processos tangveis como os realizados nas linhas de produo em que se pode verificar um trabalho sendo executado por meio de diferentes atividades seqenciais, que corroboram para a composio do produto final. Muitas das tcnicas e conceitos aplicados gesto por processos foram concebidas em reas fora da Administrao, sobretudo na Engenharia de Produo, mais especificamente nas prticas do gerenciamento operacional (ARMISTEAD et al., 1995). O processo de negcio, assim como o processo produtivo, composto por diversas etapas de produo ou atividades a serem executadas. Dessa forma, a seqncia de atividades para se vender um produto pode ser definida como processo de venda. A idia de dividir o trabalho em atividades seqenciais surgiu em meados do sculo XVIII, no incio da Revoluo Industrial, quando a mecanizao exigiu a diviso do trabalho. Exemplo clssico est no clebre Inqurito sobre a Natureza e as Causas da Riqueza das Naes, slido livro em dois volumes com mais de mil pginas publicado em 1776 por Adam Smith (1993), que relata a experincia da fabricao de alfinetes dividida em 11 operaes. O conceito de diviso do trabalho em tarefas o ponto de consenso entre os principais pensadores da administrao contempornea quanto definio de processo de negcio, conforme pode se observar nas definies abaixo: * um conjunto de atividade cuja operao conjunta produz um resultado de valor para o cliente (HAMMER e CHAMPY, 1997); * uma srie de etapas criadas para produzir um produto ou servio, incluindo vrias funes e preenchendo as lacunas existentes entre as diversas reas organizacionais, objetivando com isto estruturar uma cadeia de agregao de valor ao cliente (RUMMLER e BRACHE, 1995); * o local onde os recursos e competncias da empresa so ativados a fim de criar uma competncia organizacional capaz de preencher suas lacunas a fim de gerar uma vantagem competitiva sustentvel (BERETTA, 2002); * um grupo de tarefas interligadas logicamente, que utilizam os recursos da organizao para gerao de resultados pr-definidos, visando apoiar os objetivos da empresa (HARRINGTON, 1991); * uma organizao de atividades de trabalho, com incio, fim e com entradas e sadas claramente definidas (DAVENPORT, 1994). Todos esses conceitos so oriundos da TGS e foram introduzidos na cincia da administrao. Da grande diversidade de conceitos para processos de negcio, extraiu-se a essncia comum maioria das descries: processos de negcio so fluxos de trabalhos que atendem um ou mais objetivo da rede interorganizacional e que proporcionam agregao de valor sob a ptica do cliente final. No exemplo da Figura 2 est evidenciado os principais fluxos de trabalho da rede txtil. As linhas pontilhadas do diagrama e o nome esquerda destes segmentos descrevem as cinco macro-etapas produtivas do segmento txtil: beneficiamento de fibras txteis, fiao, tecelagem/malharia, beneficiamento de produto txtil e confeco. 4 Anlise das principais dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos no desenvolvimento do exerccio proposto Da fase de pr-anlise das respostas definiram-se os cdigos a serem empregados na anlise de contedo, identificados como muito importantes para que o discente possa compreender e expressar-se por meio de diagramas de redes interorganizacionais. Tais cdigos so os seguintes: (C1) organizaes com mesma funo na rede; (C2) macroprocessos que compem a rede; e (C3) ator central da rede. A generalizao de organizaes que desempenham uma mesma atividade dentro da rede (C1) foi a dificuldade com maior freqncia de ocorrncia entre os alunos que realizaram o exerccio. Conforme pode se observar no consolidado das respostas, descrito na Tabela 3, 68,18% dos alunos da amostra no apresentaram evidncias do domnio dessa abstrao. A evidncia poderia ser consubstanciada em duas situaes do exerccio: a primeira relativa aos trs viveiros de mudas citados na transcrio Temos um timo relacionamento com as empresas Cabral, Telles, Mudinha e outras tantas e a segunda com relao s duas transportadoras citadas Para sermos mais competitivos em qualidade, decidirmos privilegiar duas empresas transportadoras locais. Nos diagramas desenvolvidos pelos alunos, muitos criaram trs entidades independentes, correspondentes aos trs viveiros citados no texto, bem como, representaram duas transportadoras distintas, conforme pode se observar na Figura 4. O domnio de conceitos de modelagem de dados, exercitados, por exemplo, por intermdio da tcnica de modelo entidade relacionamento, capacitam analistas de negcios e administradores a identificarem conjuntos de atores que desempenham um mesmo papel na rede. O conceito de entidade representa objetos distintos, porm, de mesma natureza, caracterizado pelo mesmo conjunto de atributos ou caractersticas. A partir do domnio do conceito de entidade nota-se que tanto a empresa Cabral, quanto a Telles e a Mudinha so similares para o contexto da rede, ou seja, so objetos de mesma natureza: desenvolvem mudas de videiras. Por essa razo, o insight de abstrair, de caracterizar todos os viveiros como um player (ator) da rede viveiros de mudas de videiras conforme descrito na Figura 3. Outro aspecto a ser destacado com relao aos atores (ou entidades) da rede com relao denominao destes, caracterizada por um substantivo e no por verbo. Exemplo tpico de nome imprprio ocorrido no exerccio foi, por exemplo, de entidade com o ttulo transportar frutas, enquanto o correto seria transporte especializado em frutas. Notou-se que muitos alunos confundiram o desenvolvimento da representao grfica de rede com fluxograma de atividades, o qual apresenta retngulos com verbos, ou seja, ttulos de atividades, de tarefas executadas ao longo do fluxo de trabalho. O segundo aspecto problemtico, evidenciado pelas anlises de contedo e estatsticas descritivas, foi a identificao de macroprocessos que compem a rede (C2). 66,67% dos discentes no trabalharam ou evidenciaram esse conceito em suas respostas. No exemplo de resoluo vlida do exerccio proposto pelos pesquisadores, Figura 3, os macroprocessos definidos foram: insumos, lavouro, preparo transporte, e mercado. O problema mais comumente encontrado foi a no descrio ou indicao de macroprocessos, ou seja, diagramas contendo apenas entidades e enlaces entre estas. Os conceitos e tcnicas descritos no referencial terico sobre processos de negcios so muito oportunos para exercitar fundamentos e habilidades de sntese de atividades, como solicitado no exerccio. A habilidade de sintetizar independe do nvel da abstrao dos elementos envolvidos. Um tecnlogo em processamento de dados desenvolve fluxogramas compondo passos elementares (comandos de programas) em fluxos de trabalho, um analista de negcios caracteriza um processo de negcio compondo processos. A dificuldade dos discentes em identificar o ator central da rede (C3) o agricultor da uva ocorreu com 53,03% dos respondentes. Quanto a esse aspecto cabe uma reflexo quanto ao domnio dos discentes da TGS, a capacidade deles perceberem uma rede interorganizacional como sendo um sistema. O discente com discernimento da viso sistmica (TGS) capaz de identificar redes empresariais como sistema; a rede fictcia descrita no exerccio proposto, tambm seria compreendida como um sistema. O domnio dos fundamentos da TGS implica na compreenso de sistemas serem compostos por entidades, com relaes entre estas e com objetivo e meio-ambiente comum. A reflexo do objetivo comum implica na identificao do objeto ou funo central da rede. No exerccio, isso conduziria na identificao da uva como objeto central da cadeia, bem como do ator central da rede: o agricultor, a entidade que cultiva a uva. 4.1 Estatstica descritiva dos resultados A Tabela 1 mostra os resultados obtidos pelos alunos em relao aos cdigos analisados. Os resultados esto tabulados por turma. Um total de 102 alunos de cursos de ps-graduo Lato Sensu em Gesto Empresarial constituram as cinco turmas divididas por quatro instituies de ensino. Tabela 1 Respostas dos alunos Legenda: T = Turmas (5) C = cdigos analisados (3) 1 = contedo observado 0 = contedo no observado Fonte: desenvolvido pelos autores As estatsticas descritivas so sinteticamente apresentadas na Tabela 2. Os valores exibidos mostram um desempenho inferior da turma T4, cuja mediana diferiu significativamente das medianas das demais turmas. A turma T4 uma turma composta, predominantemente, por alunos oriundos de cursos das reas de biomdicas e, por esta caracterstica, distingue-se das demais turmas compostas, predominantemente, por alunos egressos de cursos de bacharelado em Administrao. Tabela 2 Estatsticas descritivas T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Total Tamanho da amostra = 12 7 5 36 42 102 Mnimo 0 0 0 0 0 Mximo 10.0 10.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 Mediana 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 3.3 Primeiro Quartil (25%) 0.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Terceiro Quartil (75%) 7.0 8.5 3.0 6.7 6.7 Fonte: desenvolvido pelos autores Dado o resultado significativamente diferente apresentado pela turma T4, esta foi removida das anlises subseqentes com o objetivo de se obter resultados mais consistentes, como mostra a Tabela 3. Esta tabela exibe a freqncia observada de concordncias das turmas em relao aos cdigos. Por exemplo, a turma T1, 33,33% dos alunos observaram o cdigo C1; 25,00% deles observaram o cdigo C2 e dois em cada 3 observaram o cdigo C3. A tabela mostra que, de forma geral, o cdigo C1 foi observado por 31,82% dos alunos; o cdigo C2 foi observado por 33,33% e o cdigo C3 foi observado por cerca de 47% dos alunos. Tabela 3 Anlise da freqncia da concordncia em relao aos Cdigos % de concordncias Qtde % conc. para as 4 turmas Turma 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 5 Acert Total % C1 33.33 71.43 40.00 23.81 4 5 2 10 21 66 31.82 C2 25.00 28.57 0.00 33.33 3 2 3 14 22 66 33.33 C3 66.67 57.14 60.00 45.24 8 4 0 19 31 66 46.97 Fonte: desenvolvido pelos autores A Tabela 4 mostra, pelo teste c2 (Qui-quadrado) elaborado no Software Estatstico BioEstat 5.0, que no h diferena significativa ao nvel de confiana de 95%, quanto a predominncia de algum cdigo. Isto significa dizer que os alunos pesquisados de forma igual: no utilizam o conceito de entidade representando objetos distintos; no conseguem identificar os macroprocessos contidos na rede; e no reconhecem o ator central da rede. Tabela 4: Teste c2 (Qui-quadrado). Resultados Soma das Categorias 112.120 Qui-Quadrado 3.727 Graus de Liberdade 2 (p)= 0.1551 Fonte: desenvolvido pelos autores Dar articulao da superfcie dos textos, ou seja, dos diagramas analisados e dos fatores que determinaram as caractersticas neles produzidas, em especial dos aspectos atrelados aos trs cdigos analisados, seja pela sua correta insero, pela sua ausncia ou pela sua m compreenso, evidenciou-se que os alunos de administrao possuem muitas dificuldades para representar um diagrama de redes a partir de relatos de atores da mesma. . Constatou-se nos resultados da amostra pesquisada a no compreenso clara dos conceitos de diagramao de redes e do prprio entendimento da complexidade da rede em movimento. 5 Concluses Entre os resultados da pesquisa est a identificao de alguns aspectos de difcil compreenso pelos discentes da administrao na atividade de desenvolvimento de diagramas de rede interorganizacionais: (C1) organizaes com mesma funo na rede; (C2) macroprocessos que compem a rede; e (C3) ator central da rede. Constatou-se, tambm, a pouca percepo dos membros da amostra com relao a aspectos caractersticos de redes, a saber: a rede como organizaes multifaceadas; a rede com estruturas horizontalizadas, no hierrquicas; e a rede e sua governabilidade. Pela importncia do conceito de redes interorganizacionais faz-se necessrio refletir sobre as competncias em seu sentido mais amplo de conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes (LE BOTERF, 1999) requeridas aos que almejam estudar, compreender e explicitar redes interorganizacionais. Consequentemente, isso tambm expressa um ponto relevante aos docentes no planejamento de suas aulas e atividades associadas a redes interorganizacionais. Para uma anlise eficaz dos resultados obtidos importante destacar uma caracterstica da tcnica de anlise de contedo empregada na presente pesquisa: o interesse no est na descrio dos contedos, mas sim no que estes nos podero ensinar aps serem tratados (BARDIN, 2009, p. 40). Segundo Henry e Mascovici (1968 apud BARDIN, 2009, p.42) o objetivo central da anlise de contedo no o estudo da lngua ou da linguagem, mas sim a determinao mais ou menos parcial das condies de produo dos textos. Tem-se como foco central da anlise de contedo a articulao entre: a superfcie do texto, descrita e analisada (pelo menos alguns elementos caractersticos) e os factores que determinaram estas caractersticas, deduzidos logicamente. Seguindo o mtodo sugerido por Bradin (2009), a partir das deficincias dos discentes evidenciadas pela conduo das tcnicas de anlise de contedo e descrio estatstica dos resultados advindos da codificao dos corpus (respostas), buscou-se compreender os factores que determinaram estas caractersticas, deduzidos logicamente. Das inferncias e interpretaes dos pesquisadores sobre os conhecimentos e habilidades necessrias para suprir as deficincias dos discentes para o desenvolvimento de diagramas de rede tem-se: o domnio dos fundamentos e conceitos da TGS como necessrios atividade de anlise e explicitao de redes interorganizacionais. Tcnicas analticas como modelo entidade-relacionamento e decomposio de processos auxiliam no apenas no exerccio dos fundamentos da TGS, mas abrangem elementos pertinentes ao contexto das redes interorganizacionais. Uma habilidade essencial para explicitao de redes interorganizacionais, por intermdio de diagramas, a abstrao de entidades da rede. Conforme exposto no referencial terico, as tcnicas de modelagem de dados, por exemplo, o modelo entidade-relacionamento desenvolve, no apenas o conceito, mas a prtica de identificao e definio de entidades e de relacionamentos entre estas. O domnio de conceitos e tcnicas atrelados a processos de negcios direciona o analista a uma viso mais ampla do conjunto de afazeres e responsabilidades para entrega de um produto ou servio de qualidade. O que agrega valor ao cliente? Com quais recursos? So questes direcionadoras dos trabalhos de gesto por processos que condiciona o analista a ater-se a aspectos importantes da rede, como: produto ou servio a ser entregue, insumos importantes, principais atividades, sua governabilidade e seus atores. Na rede interorganizacional estudada, os procedimentos tpicos de decomposio e sntese da anlise de processos, tambm, indicariam a uva como sendo o principal produto da cadeia, assim como, destacaria o agricultor como o ator central da rede. O discernimento das entidades constituintes da rede os seus atores pr-requisito para compreenso das redes interorganizacionais. Tal discernimento, conciliado com a percepo temporal e seqencial dos principais eventos de negcio que ocorrem entre atores da rede os relacionamentos entre os atores -, capacitam o analista de redes a identificar recortes, ou melhor, decompor o propsito da rede em processos de negcios. Em cursos de administrao muito comum os alunos praticarem os fundamentos da TGS em disciplinas como Organizao Mtodos ou Administrao de Sistemas de Informao. Tcnicas para desenvolvimento de diagramas de estado, diagramas entidade-relacionamento e diagramas de decomposio de processos so abordadas nessas disciplinas que desenvolvem, respectivamente, boa fundamentao para compreenso de eventos de negcios, entidades (ou atores) e segmentao ou delimitao de processos de negcios. Isto deve ser uma das razes para o desempenho superior, embora no adequado, das turmas compostas por alunos graduados em administrao em comparao com a turma 4 composta por alunos, predominantemente, oriundos de cursos das reas de biomdicas. Como continuidade da pesquisa, recomenda-se a aplicao do mesmo teste, porm, atendo-se a delimitar e trabalhar previamente com duas amostras distintas: uma que tenha recebido contedo e experincia prtica com exerccios de modelo E-R e de processos de negcio e outra que no tenha recebido tal informao. Referncias ARMISTEAD, C.; HARRISON, A.; ROWLANDS, P. Business process re-engineering: lessons from operations management. International Journal of Operations Production Management, Bradford; v. 15, n. 12, p. 46-58 , 1995. BAQUERO, G. Mtodos de pesquisa pedaggica. So Paulo: Loyola, 1970. BARDIN, L. Anlise de contedo. 4ed. Lisboa: Edies 70, 2009. BERETTA, S. Unleashing the integration potential of ERP system. Business Process Management Journal, Bradford; v. 8, n. 3, p. 254-277, 2002. BERTALANFFY, L. Teoria geral dos sistemas. Petrpolis: Vozes, 1975. CASTELLS, M. Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society. British Journal of Sociology, v.51, n.1, p.5-24, January/March, 2000. CASTELLS, M. Sociedade em rede: a era da informao: economia, sociedade e cultura. So Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2005. CHEN, P. Gerenciando banco de dados: A abordagem entidade-relacionamento para projeto lgico. So Paulo: Mc Grw Hill. 1990. COY, P. Sleeping with the enemy. Business Week, New York, p.96-97, Aug. 21-28, 2006 CRESWELL, J. Projeto de Pesquisa: mtodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto. 2ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2007. DAVENPORT, T.H. Reengenharia de Processos: como inovar na empresa atravs da tecnologia de informao. 5. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1994. EBERS, M.; JARILLO, J. The construction, forms and consequences of industry networks. International Studies of Management and Organizations, v.27, n.4, p. 3-21, winter, 1997-98. FOLLETT, M.P. Mary Parker Follet: profeta do gerenciamento. Organizado por Pauline Graham; traduo de Eliana Hiocheti, Maria Luiza de Abreu Lima. Rio de Janeiro: Qualitymark, 1997. GALASKIEWICZ, J. The structure of community organizational networks. Social Forces, South Boundary, v.57, n.4, p.1346-1364, jun. 1979. GNYAWALI, D.R.; PARK, B-J. Co-opetition and technological innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: a multileved conceptual model. Journal of Small Business Management, Florida, v.49, n.3, p.308-330, 2009 GONALVES, C.O. A comunicao entre o design e o departamento produtivo de uma confeco de vesturio: Um caso no segmento de surfwear. 2008. 95 f. Dissertao (Mestrado em Gesto de Negcios) Universidade Catlica de Santos, Santos, 2008. GRANOVETTER, M.; SWEDBERG, R. The Sociology of Economic Life. Cambridge: Westview, 2001. HAMMER, M.; CHAMPY, J. Reengineering the Corporation. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 1997. HARBISON, R.J.; PEKAR JR., P. Smart alliances. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998. HARRINGTON, J.H. Business Process Improvement. Nova York: McGraw-Hill, 1991. HARMON, P. Business Process Change: a managers guide to improving, redesigning, and automating processes. EUA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003. 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Consequences of Texting behind the Wheel Essay - 828 Words

One day Chandler Gerber 23, of Bluffton collided with an Amish buggy back in April of 2012. A three year old boy and a five year old girl were killed. A 17 year old boy who was in critical condition died several days later. Chandler was sending a text that said â€Å" I love you† to his wife when he caused the accident. Drivers who were texting were 23.2 times more likely to crash to those who weren’t texting (Cell Phones and Texting). The increasing amount of crashes caused from texting and driving and growing and becoming more of a problem. Distracted driving is an increasing problem in the United States resulting in many accidents, but a solution to the problem would be banning cellphones while driving. Distracted driving is such an†¦show more content†¦Distracted driving is caused by people using their cell phones while driving, either trying to respond to text, changing the song on the radio, on talking on the phone. All of these are extremely dangerous to do but the new teen drivers think they have the skill to multitask while operating a vehicle. There are only 2 percent of people who can actually multitask successfully. Even though teens are more likely to try multitasking they are still part of the 98 percent who can’t do it safely. Teen drivers that are texting and driving take their eyes off the road for about 4.6 seconds traveling at 45mph in that time they will travel 207 feet. They will travel two thirds of a football field in 4.6 seconds. Teens think this is not dangerous and easy but in reality this is a very difficult and dangerous task to accomplish successfully. Teen drivers are new to driving, it is a developing skill. Teens are trying to do much while they are learning this new skill. Some drivers try to eat while driving, do their makeup or even drink while driving. While driving, teens have a lot of distractions and have to pay attention but most teens drive while distracted. 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Reducing Workplace Discrimination Essay - 1444 Words

Could you imagine being limited by something that has nothing to do with your skill or ability? If you look at the leadership positions of many of the world’s top companies, you will find few women occupying them. This contrast can also be related to the role of African American people in companies. It is very apparent when one contemplates the number of Black CEOs versus White leaders. Something is preventing them from reaching the top. Examples of this can be found in The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Hayley. Although many people believe racial discrimination is mostly a thing of the past, it is still prominent as an invisible barrier in one of the most prominent areas of life: the workplace. The term â€Å"glass ceiling† was coined†¦show more content†¦in 1985 show interesting differences in employment levels of college-educated Caucasians and African Americans. 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To Clone Or Not To Clone (2041 words) Essay Example For Students

To Clone Or Not To Clone (2041 words) Essay To Clone Or Not To CloneTo Clone or Not to Cloneâ€Å"On a soft summer night July 5th, 1966, at 5 p.m., the most famous lamb in history entered the world. (Kolata, pg 1) â€Å"Many people wonder if this is a miracle for which we can thank God, or an ominous new way to play God ourselves.† (Duff, pg1) Now the question is do we clone humans next? For what reasons would we clone humans? Would this be an ethical thing to do in the right situation? These are the issues I wish to discuss in this essay. From the time I was a child I have been hearing about cloning, and until recently, it was only as a science fiction theory. Cloning is now a reality. It undeniably has some very scary prospects. It is very questionable as to just how some in the scientific world will now attempt to proceed with this process, now that it is a reality instead of a theory. Over the years society has picked up coined words from the scientific, but cloning has to be one of the all time favorites. A fairly simple word, clone evokes more controversy than any other word from science. Cloning is not much different from in-vitro fertilization. The major difference is that only one parent donor is required. It is basically creating an identical twin in which one is younger than the original. The word clone refers to one or more offspring derived from one ancestor. You would think with such a simple definition it would not be such a controversial subject, yet it is. The possibility of this technique being applied to the human race shakes me to the very core. Could we be heading to the Hitler ideal of a more superior race? Will we use it to insure all babies will be born without birth defects? Will it be a way for some more fortunate to store extra body parts for later use? Will it replace adoption? Could that part of society considered unacceptable be eliminate d? These are only a few of the numerous possibilities of its uses. Could cloning in its self produce a perfect world?One truly outrageous idea many people have, is that people from our past such as Hitler, could be cloned. Nothing is further from the truth. At the present time cloning is only done using living cells, so no person already deceased, could be cloned. Even if it were possible, it would not be the Hitler from history. This is a totally different world than he lived in. The factors that determined his personality are no longer in place. Many plants purchased these days purchased these days are clones. So the theory is as old as man. It is merely taking a living piece of one thing and producing another, and it seems this is completely acceptable. It is only when science crossed over to animal life that the problems began. People realized if it could be accomplished with a sheep it is completely conceivable that it can also be done with a human. Not only a moral issue it is also a religious issue. Many are afraid we will end up with these armies of drones, not real people. Any human, if cloned, would be like you and me, totally unique, with a soul, merely a younger identical twin raised initially in a petri dish. :Some religious organizations have made formal responses to the cloning issue. Here are some of them. The Catholic Church: Pope John Paul II released a statement condemning the cloning of all life forms. The Vatican also issued a statement that only condemned human cloning, but did not address other forms. Judaism: The Chief Rabbi of Israel, Meir Law, stated that the cloning of any creature is against Jewish law. However, some believe cloning in order to produce better food and medication would be allowable in Jewish tradition. Overpopulation & the enviroment EssayARGUMENTS IN DEFENSE OF? Cloning would enable infertile couples to have children to their own. ? Cloning would give couples that are at risk of producing a child with a genetic defect the chance to produce a healthy child. ? Cloning could shed light on how genes work and lead to the discovery of new treatments for genetic diseases. ? A ban on cloning may be unconstitutional. It would deprive people of the right to reproduce and restrict the freedom of scientists. ? A clone would not really be a duplicate, because environmental factors would mold him or her into a unique individual. ? A clone would have as much of a sense of individuality as do twins. ? A clone would have the same rights, as do all other people. ? Cloning is comparable in safety to a number of other medical procedures. ? Objections to cloning are similar to objections raised against previous scientific achievements, for example, heart transplants and test-tube babies, that later came to be widely accepted. (*This information is from World Book)I have to admit, that when I started this paper I was deadset against cloning. The more and more I read and study about the subject, I find myself changing my mind. There seem to be a lot of definite good things that could be accomplished. Don’t get me wrong; there are definitely some problems to be worked out. But admit it; is there really anything that does not have problems?Sure there are crazy people out there that may try and do strange things. They are out there everyday doing strange things not related to cloning. Already there is a cult out there; they think they are aliens cloned. They have some very odd ideas. This is no reflection on cloning, though. If it were not cloning it would be something else, like Elvis. Is everyone against him, beca use of all the rumors and weirdoes surrounding him? No, it only makes him even more fascinating. We are constantly looking for medical breakthroughs in all areas. Why not allow the professionals in the cloning area use the knowledge they have to try and better the quality of life. Sure, there will have to be governing laws as in anything else in this country, but don’t completely tie their hands. Remember a few years ago people felt the same way about in-vitro and surrogate mothers as they do about cloning now. These days that stuff is old news. Roses are cloned all the time to make them more healthy and disease resistant. Does the human race deserve less than a flower. Maybe we should step back and take a good look at our standards. Do we hold some less important things above the most important things? Is the quality human life not the ultimate goal in this time and age? If not, it certainly should be. I am definitely looking at cloning as a positive thing. Not all issues are resolved in my mind, yet. That may come with more information and technology. I definitely do not think that there should be a total ban. Some type of research needs to be allowed and a some point, testing of some type. For years cancer has eluded doctors as to a cure. There are treatments and some go into remission, but are they ever really cured? Maybe the answer to the cancer cure could also be in some form of cloning. I have no doubt that there are those working outside the rules and regulations on cloning. Most of these though are not the ones we need. We need the big laboratories, with the money to back them to be working on this issue. Maybe, like so many other things, it will take time for people to accept. But how much time do we have? What about all the people dying now that might possibly benefit from cloning? I say lets get moving and find out just what can and can’t be done. Maybe in the end we will all be disappointed but at least the effort will have been made. Science

Ramay Ni Hesus free essay sample

KAMAY NI HESUS There are tranquil walkways and lush gardens for meditations, a magnificent array of life-size images of saints, rustling waterfalls and murmuring brooklets, and hills too. Angel’s Hill, Rosary Hill and Ascension Hill which at 292 steps above the ground is the world’s third highest grotto. Here you can pray, say the rosary or just reflect, or you can share in the holly masses at the chapels, or at the Healing Church. Impressive Retreat Center, Hall Infirmary with well appointed rooms are specially designed for visitors. Also there are souvenir shops selling religious articles and pasalubong. And for gastromic delight, there is Grotto’s Restaurant. Kamay Ni Hesus launches in the year 2010 another biblically inspired structure inside the 5-hectare property, along the designated Prophets Hill adjacent to the Garden of Eden, fronting the sea of Galilee. It will be called Noah’s Ark, measuring 9 meters in height, 48 meters in length and 9 meters in width, a unique retreat center ecologically protected with trees alongside and an experience of the cool breeze of the mountain air for would-be retreatants and guests in this 50-person capacity ark house. We will write a custom essay sample on Ramay Ni Hesus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indeed, Kamay Ni Hesus is always throbbing with life, spiritual and otherwise, which makes it a perfect place to visit. To simply relax, to worship, to be healed and rejuvenated, to meditate or commune with nature and with our Lord. You can’t just drop by. Stay awhile. And be nourished in body, mind, and soul. Kamay Ni Hesus is an idyllic place of prayer and pilgrimage for thousands of faithful who flock to its pristine grounds to participate in the Holy Masses, pray the Holy Rosary and attend the healing masses to nourish the body, mind and soul. For some, it is a spiritual oasis where they can meditate and reflect amidst its serene surroundings and commune with nature and creator. For others, it is a hollowed place to give glory to God and honor to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Nestled at the foot of the mystical Mount Banahaw, Kamay Ni Hesus was established in 2002 on a five-hectare verdant field by men driven by an overwhelming faith and love for our Lord and His Mother. It is a shining example of what men of faith can achieve even against great odds. Today, it has become a center of religious devotion and one of the pilgrimage centers in the Philippines that is shaping spiritually in our contemporary society. Kamay Ni Hesus is located 125 kilometers southeast of Manila and his approximately a 3-hour drive away. The grounds are open to the public daily. While admission is free, charitable donation is greatly appreciated to defray the cost of its maintenance and finance ongoing improvements and developments.

Appraising an organisation’s environment The WritePass Journal

Appraising an organisation’s environment Introduction Appraising an organisation’s environment ). The main unique selling point is attributed to the fact that this organization acknowledges the great power of social media and technology. This implies that the fundraising activities are maintained by means of social and interactive promotions. Additionally, this organization is using for profit approach, which suggests that the fundraising activities generate revenue for NUSA (NUSA Official Website, 2012). Aim and Objectives The aim is identified in order to provide the guidelines for the research proposal (Saunders et al., 2009). The main aim of this proposal is to explore the benefits and disadvantages of the key environmental scanning techniques in the strategic management context. The smaller objectives include: To contrast and compare the environmental scanning techniques To identify the main environmental scanning technique that would be beneficial in the context of strategic planning and management To evaluate long term implications of the chosen environmental scanning technique Rationale There are different techniques available for environmental scanning. Environmental scanning is regarded to be the most important task prior to strategic planning and management.   The chosen environmental scanning   model for the purposes of this research , is based on the adherence to the main objectives related to   environment evaluation. These objectives include the identification of the activities, the evaluation of the processes, the analysis of the information sharing process and investigation of information produced. As a result, the environmental scanning model is based on implementation of PESTEL analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, Internal Analysis and Consumers (refer to the below demonstrated model). This process is based on the utilization of both macro and micro-environmental evaluations, namely PESTEL   and SWOT analysis. PESTEL analysis is designed in order to identify the main external forces that may emerge and thus impact the organization (Johnson and Scholes, 2009). These forces, namely in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal domains, are uncontrollable (Johnson and Scholes, 2009). Therefore, these have to be identified in order to be able to respond to their emergence from a strategic perspective.   SWOT is a micro-level analysis, which serves as a foundation for identification of the future opportunities and threats for the company (Ip and Koo, 2004). Opportunistic matrix identifies the main activities that may be performed in relation to the identified findings in terms of the possible response (Ip and Koo, 2004). Porter’s Five Forces, is the key framework, which is utilized in order to identify the competitiveness of the organization within the industry. This is established with the help of the analysis of the influences of the main competitive forces, namely the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and the degree of rivalry (Porter, 1985). The findings demonstrate the industry’s forces that are perceived to be weak therefore may be taken advantage of in the strategic context. Finally, the last stage of the environmental analysis aims to investigate the consumer behaviour and the key consumer trends. It is specifically focused on the identification of the patterns of consumer behaviour and consumer needs. It is maintained in order to apply the strategies that would affect the increase of customer satisfaction and further expansion of the target audience (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). The information sharing process is based on the implementation of the top down sharing approach. This implies that the information is transferred from the managerial levels to business and functional levels (Anderson, 2007). This enables quick ad facilitated information processing from the decision makers to the members of a functional level. Criticism of a Chosen Technique Despite the effectiveness and scope of the chosen technique, it is still subject to a certain degree of criticism. This implies that this framework does not incorporate the evaluation of the social impacts, which would be suitable, given the nature of the fundraising business (Becker, 2001). A PESTEL analysis mentions social impacts, whereas Opportunistic matrix involves evaluation of the societal forces (Correia and Wilson, 2001). On the other hand, this environmental scanning framework allows us to evaluate the company from the organization’s, industry’s and consumer perspectives, which adds the depth to the possible findings. Other than that, this model aims to identify the key trends that may emerge. As the result, based on the identified findings, the organization may plan future strategies that would aid in response to the possible trends. Even though, a PESTEL analysis tends to incorporate the risk analysis, much more advanced and in-depth risk evaluation might have been performed by IRGC (Model of Risk Governance) (Petts, 2008). However, given the scope of the framework and actual business, this analysis might have been perceived as too specialized. Porter’s Five Forces, is a beneficial model for industry’s investigation. However, it has been developed in relation to the idea that contemporary market is perfect. This is not true, therefore this framework fails to address some issues that would be applicable to the imperfect market. Methodology It is recommended to perform the analysis on the basis of integration of the secondary research. The main sources will be acquired from the academic and professional books and journals, databases , reports and news reports. The secondary research is regarded to be limited, since the material for it is collected and analysed at east 1-2 years prior to publication. Therefore, the sources may be regarded as obsolete and outdated (Saunders et al., 2009). Conclusion This paper, designed in the format of a proposal, has been produced in order to identify and evaluate the best environmental scanning model in the context of strategic management. The paper demonstrates the most suitable environmental scanning technique for the charitable organization, namely NUSA. This organization specializes in fundraising and is based at Nottingham University. The environmental scanning model consists of four main stages, namely PESTEL analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, SWOT analysis and Consumer Evaluation. This analysis is regarded to be multidimensional thus adding depth to the evaluation. Despite it being a quite effective framework, it still has attracted some criticism. This implies that there is lack of evaluation from the social perspective, given the nature of the fundraising business. Furthermore, larger focus should have been applied to the possible risks examination. Other than that, this framework proves to   be beneficial and effective from th e strategic perspective. References Anderson, (2007), â€Å"Social networks and the cognitive motivation to realize network opportunities: a study of managers information gathering behaviours†,   Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Vol.29,Iss.1, pp.51-78 Becker H. (2001), â€Å"Social Impact Assessment†, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.16, Iss.2, 311-321 Correia, Z. and Wilson, T.D. (2001), â€Å"Factors inï ¬â€šuencing environmental scanning in the organizational context†, Information Research, Vol. 7, Iss. 1,    Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/7-1/paper121.html, (Accessed on 21st November, 2012) Ip, Y.K. and Koo, L.C. (2004), â€Å"BSQ strategic formulation framework: a hybrid of balanced scorecard, SWOT analysis and quality function deployment†, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 533–543. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R., (2009), Fundamentals of Strategy, p.102, London: Prentice Hall Kotler P., Armstrong G., (2010), Principles of Marketing, 13th ed., Pearson: USA NUSA Official Website (2012), â€Å"NUSA’s Mamelodi Fundraising Page†, Available: justgiving.com/NUSAMamelodiFundraising/ (Accessed on 2ast November 2012) Petts J., (2008), â€Å"Public engagement to build trust: false hopes?† , Journal of Risk Research, Vol.11, Iss.6, 811-832 Porter, M.E., (1985), Competitive Advantage, Free Press: New York Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (2009), Research Methods for Business Students, 5th ed., Prentice Hall: UK